Marie Antoinette: History as a problem in film

At the point when one thinks about the Coppola, one unavoidably thinks about the incomparable Francis Ford, whose striking Godfather motion pictures have set the bar for emotional narrating and cinematography for ages of producers to come.â However, as of late, the more youthful Coppola, Sofia, has assumed control over the moviemaking job, and has looked to rethink the verifiable story of Marie Antoinette, the notorious French sovereign executed toward the beginning of the French Revolution.â However, for those expecting a genuine, gloomy, and truly in depth rendering of the disastrous (some state shameful) existence of the sovereign, they are in for to some degree a surprise.Indeed, the deliberately contemporary, outwardly shocking turn on the notable story is bumping in its takeoffs from conventional chronicled thought.â So, too the visual freedoms do a lot to truly drive the crowd to see the youthful sovereign from an alternate perspective.â The issue is, in any case, desp ite the fact that Coppola can declare that her endeavor is a masterful one, it is likewise one of manipulation.That is on the grounds that at long last, the crowd is completely mindful of the juxtaposition of their new, translation of Antoinette as conveyed by the film, with the staggering power of recorded certainty (in as much as we are aware).â This takeoff from reality in the long run leaves the crowd feeling a piece cheated, as though the visual, sound-related, and even scholarly ministrations of Coppola on the story have been only a modest trickâ€a wandering of eccentricity purposefully making light of the real catastrophe of Antoinette’s passing and the genuine standards behind the French Revolution.To be certain, Coppola’s Marie Antoinette is beautiful.â Released in 2006, the film is set and shot in Versailles.â The crowd meets the youthful sovereign as another lady, conveyed from her local Austria to the chest of the French court.â From the start, A ntoinette is introduced as delicate, practically basic, and kind heartedâ€concerned with leaving her family and her dearest pet canine behind to begin another existence of obligation and administration at the command of her family.Almost as striking as the tenderness of the sovereign, the visual symbolism of the film is without par.â The hues are as energetic as any 50’s Technicolor dream, and the screen is reliably brilliant with splendid pinks, blues and pastel ponders past imagination.â This is especially valid for the costuming, which is rendered in striking lavishness both in shading and textureâ€helping to inspire the luxurious extravagance of the French Court and the life of the queen.In expansion to the outwardly enlightening nature of the film, Antoinette’s relationship with her better half is depicted as incredibly refined, with her showing perpetual persistence for her husband’s idiosyncratic ways and evident absence of sexual prowess.â Fu rther, her significant job as a mother and conveyor of beneficiaries is depicted convincingly, with visual (just) notice of the demise of one of her kids in infancy.However, aside from this impression of chronicled random data, the film does little to dive profoundly into any of the issues of the time, or of Antoinette’s life.â Further, even the throwing of American’s Kirsten Dunst and Jason Shwartzman appears to work as an approach to move the film away from chronicled exactness, if just in the audience’s mind.â This is especially obvious when one hears the to some degree jolting sound of Dunst’s and Shwartzman’s level American intonations against the adapted French-emphasized remarks of the Mistress of the Court.Although one could state that Coppola’s depiction of Antoinette in such a sweets pink, honest and pleasing design (maybe increasingly without malignance because of her â€Å"straight forward† and basic American twang) co uld be credible in that some of it depicts the queen’s relative youth and blamelessness as she entered the court.â â However, this doesn't advance to expanded multifaceted nature, and the crowd doesn't see her expanded politicialization that by every authentic record denotes the most recent long stretches of her life.Indeed, as students of history bring up, Marie Antoinette was political, some state a touch of an extremist, resolved to oppose the progressions fermenting amidst the developing progressive intensity in the country.â truth be told, the film appears to inquisitively, assuming maybe, purposefully avoid any evident politicalization, â€Å"ugliness,† distress or upheaval.â Apart from a couple of references to the â€Å"people† being eager and their not being sufficient bread, one essentially doesn't see the average folks or their predicament at all.â€Å"What revolution?,†the crowd may ponder (maybe more so among today’s less instru cted tween moviegoers).â Indeed, as the film closes, we are left with nary a brief look in to the deplorable destiny of the queen.â Further, one would not envision too appalling a destiny, all things considered, as per Coppola’s depiction, Antoinette could never have been so insensitive as to have stated, â€Å"Let them eat cake!†Ã¢ Certainly she was excessively useful for that!â After all, didn’t she quit any pretense of getting new jewels so the individuals may eat?In expansion to the innovative narrating that Coppola engages all through the film, the music, itself sets the soundtrack as a sort of point-production gadget to additionally assist the crowd with identifying with the sort queen.â Strains of to a great extent cheery well known music (Bow Wow, Cindy Lauper) cause everything to appear to be increasingly honest, and hell, can’t the crowd see they are â€Å"just like us,† not all that outside, not all that historic!Yes, it could h ave been any rich American or European young lady in her shoes.â One can even observe Paris Hilton in Versailles.â Under this treatment, Antoinette appears to be less removed, unpredictable, genuine, and noteworthy in history.â Indeed, the entirety of the messages gathered from her encounters and account appear to soften away to the tune.â Yes, some traditional music is joined into the film, yet simply after the jostling purpose of the cutting edge has been altogether made.Although the true to life procedures used by Coppola unquestionably lead the crowd to reconsider history, a few of the references to authentic actuality are accurate.â After all, the French helped the youthful America against Great Britain, and they depleted sizable monetary stores from France (intensifying the situation of poor people) (Brinton, 1963).â However, when these chronicled focuses are made in the film, the other visual, exchange, and apparent focuses have been made. Chronicled blunders and out and out catastrophes of discernment appear to be unimportant, simply one more purpose of verbal background instead of critical junction.In option to the curving of the audience’s view of Antoinette as an element of tone (visual, exchange, and so on), Coppola additionally leaves from recorded truth to apparently make the film â€Å"more interesting† to its audienceâ€who are maybe used to a â€Å"Dangerous Liaisons† sort of film.â Indeed, in withdrawing from built up authentic certainty and gaily grasping an alleged extramarital undertaking among Antoinette and the Count von Ferson, Coppila makes a special effort to add to history, just for the amusement value.Although one can't resistant demonstrate that such an issue didn't happen actually, verifiable sources don't show that it did.â This is not really an inconsequential point in that it further contemporizes Antoinette, inferring that such issues were typical (as they are today), and conveyed little consequences.â The verifiable and strict truth of Antoinette’s times were all to various, with genuine ramifications for both regal and regular spouses who wandered from the marriage bed. Obviously none of these issues are managed and the entire â€Å"affair† is depicted as only one increasingly lovely visual break among many, without importance or genuine interpretation.Given this, if one somehow managed to acknowledge that Coppola did in certainty intentionally endeavor to utilize realistic gadgets and narrating so as to make another variant of the story, is this problematic?â If such a film were straightforward amusement the appropriate response would be no.â However, the trouble that joins managing a verifiable subject is that there is some desire from the crowd that an endeavor toward exactness be made.â Yes, outfits in the Antoinette court were most likely very pretty.The sovereign may have been guiltless, kind, sweet even.â Perhaps she never said †Å"let them eat cake.†Ã¢ Such an attestation would not be new (1963).â However, utilizing method to reframe the occasions of the film, be it through music, cinematography or discourse makes either an issue with history itselfâ€in embodiment transforming it for the crowd on the off chance that they are susceptible, or however making disappointment or even outrage in the individuals who know betterâ€and maybe feel in excess of a piece tricked that the relationship of the character with the characterizing occasion of her occasions (the Revolution) was everything except ignored in film.Although Coppola, herself has expressed that it was not her goal to manage governmental issues or the political truth of her subject (Dudec, 2006), she doesâ€if by omission.â indeed, her scandalous articulation, â€Å"Marie Antoinette was not keen on legislative issues, so for what reason should I be?† (2006) is hazardous on numerous levels.â First, in its mistaken supposition that Antoinette was not intrigued by legislative issues, she shows a genuine newness to her hero which is troubling.â Second, by â€Å"not being keen on politics,† one needs to stand amazed at the fittingness of Coppola managing the topic at all.â Can one envision, for example, Frances Ford Coppola affirming, â€Å"I am not inspired by sorted out crime.†?Coppola’s disturbing disposition and treatment of the topic was so striking when t

Comparing Ralph and Jack to Show How the Characters Change in Lord of t

Contrasting Ralph and Jack with Show How the Characters Change in Lord of the Flies Golding utilizes numerous procedures to change his characters as they progress all through the novel. The primary character Ralph is a prime case of this creating character. Both of the young men show up on the island with a specific way. They are reasonable and being from all around raised families and homes, before long beginning to cooperate in agreement on the island. The first occasion when we experience Ralph is toward the start of the novel where he is portrayed as The kid with reasonable hairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[He had] taken off his school sweater...[His] dim shirt fold to his back and his hair was put to his brow. The reality he has reasonable hair and furthermore the quote manufactured like a fighter recommend he could be a courageous figure. This underlined by Golding when he plainly demonstrates Ralph to be from an open school as he has removed his school sweater. We can see that Ralph is still plainly a youngster now in the novel, he remains on his head and uses adolescent language, for example, Whacko and Wizard At the point when the voice of piggy yells out, he stops and pauses. This shows us an understanding that he is eager to hang tight for this obscure individual, yet he twitches up his stockings Golding utilizes this to give us that he is fretful as well. Later on in the section we see Ralph being spur of the moment and clearly uninterested towardsPiggy. We feel thoughtful to Piggy as he is seen as an outsider from the earliest starting point. We can see that Piggy is proficient as he detects the conch, and comprehends what it is. Albeit Piggy discovered it, Ralph is the individual who swims down to the base of the tidal pond and gathers it from the reeds, giving us that he is plainly solid and fit, as he can swim. T... ...e and chimp like lastly his painted face, concealing all honest people and his evil side. Close to the finish of the novel, he feels no disgrace about the passings of Simon and Piggy, nor his endeavors to murder Ralph. In the novel Jack and his clan speak to political agitation and the descending winding of civilisation. This is most observed when the conch, which all through the novel is the image of mankind and civilisation, is crushed. Both Ralph and Jack have changed all through the novel. Golding presents them two as youthful blameless youngsters toward the start. They are practically unrecognizable by the end. They have changed both physical and intellectually. There is a mediation toward the end: the Naval official, kids about them having a war or something? and this of course is actually what's going on. The lesson of the novel is with out mediation, which will win, great or then again underhanded?

Whats a Good ACT Score That Depends on Your Definition!

What's a Good ACT Score That Depends on Your Definition! SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s difficult to characterize a decent ACT score in light of the fact that each understudy has various objectives and gauges. In any case, there are different explicit ways you may consider your scores to settle on what a decent score implies for you. In this article, I’ll experience four unique methods for characterizing what a decent score may resemble for you on the ACT. What Is a Good ACT Score Nationally? On the off chance that you’re to some degree new to the ACT, you presumably simply need to get a diagram of the kinds of scores you may get and how they stack up to the national average.On the ACT, the most elevated score you can get is a 36, and the least score is in fact an one.Within that run, in light of national insights, there are benchmarks for what demonstrates a higher than normal or lower than normal score. The most reduced 10 percent of scores are beneath a 14 composite, so anything less that that would be viewed as an exceptionally low score. The last 25 percent of scorers earned a composite score of 16 or lower. These would likewise be viewed as low scores. The 50th percentile score on the ACT is around a 20 composite, so this speaks to the national normal. The 75th percentile score is a 24, which implies that 75% of understudies score beneath a 24 composite on the ACT. Anything over a 24 is an awesome score on the national level. On the off chance that you score a 28 or above, you’ve moved into the first class score extend, which means you’re winning a superior score than 90% of understudies in the nation. See this article for an increasingly point by point conversation of ACT score percentiles.National insights are just so accommodating in light of the fact that they incorporate understudies who don’t plan on going to college.This may slant the midpoints marginally lower and keep you from defining exact objectives for yourself dependent on your own capacities. It's additionally particularly valid for the ACT in light of the fact that numerous states utilize the ACT as a statewide evaluation test that all understudies are required to take. In the following fewsections, I’ll go over some supportive approaches to pass judgment on your scores in settings that may be increasingly fitting for you. Hawaii requires all secondary school understudies to take the ACT. What's more, you can wager that it's difficult to complete any contemplating when your lawn resembles this. What’s a Good Score Compared to Other High-Achieving Students? On the off chance that you’re a distinctions understudy and are not happy with contrasting yourself with the national normal, you should contrast yourself with different understudies who have comparative objectives and secondary school class records instead.The scores of your correspondingly high-accomplishing cohorts may be increasingly characteristic of the score objectives you ought to set for yourself. As a general rule: For the top third of secondary school respects understudies, the 75th percentile ACT score is around a 29. For the top tenth of secondary school respects understudies, the 75th percentile ACT score is around a 32. In the event that you’re in both of these gatherings, these scores should give you a benchmark regarding where your scores should be to contend with other people who have comparative school ambitions.Remember, 75th percentile implies that these scores are higher than those of 75 percent of understudies inside every one of the gatherings, so in the event that you focus on these scores you’ll in all probability be better than expected even in a gathering of geeks. On the off chance that you go to a tuition based school, you can likewise look into insights on your school's site for ACT scores. Most tuition based schools will give these numbers openly. Now, you might need to get considerably increasingly explicit and inquire about the schools that intrigue you to discover what score you should set as your objective. I’ll go over this procedure in the following segment. You're all Smarties, yet who is....Smartiest? What’s a Good Score for College? This is the place the assurance of what a â€Å"good† score means can get much more subjective.Since each understudy has various objectives for school, what qualifies as a decent score will shift altogether from individual to person.The most ideal approach to make sense of what a decent score is for your school objectives is to look into the normal scores of understudies who were admitted to universities that intrigue you. For most schools, you’ll see a score extend that gives you the 25th and 75th percentile scores of understudies. To have a strong possibility of affirmation, you should focus on the 75th percentile score as your goal.If you’re keen on a couple of various schools, you may look into insights for every one of them and normal the 75th percentile scores to get a sensible objective score.To discover these numbers, simply Google â€Å"[name of school] confirmations necessities PrepScholar† and snap on the first result.Read this article on the most proficient method to discover your objective score for additional subtleties. On the off chance that you experience this procedure and find that your scores are as of now higher than the normal scores at schools that intrigue you, you should seriously think about focusing on progressively serious colleges.At an increasingly specific school, you’ll approach better chances, a progressively learned network, and additionally testing classes.You’ll likewise end up with better possibilities post-graduation when you’re going after positions or graduate school. In the event that you’re focusing on the most serious schools in the nation, you may find that their 75th percentile ACT score is near an ideal 36 (Harvard’s is a 35).It’s safe to state that at these schools, you’ll need to focus on at any rate a 32 or higher to get any opportunity of being acknowledged. School affirmations have gotten very serious as of late because of the volume of utilizations, so schools have needed to embrace increasingly elevated norms to select understudies from the group. You gotta be that one exceptional red stone understudy in the enormous heap of dim stone understudies. What’s a Good Score for You? You may likewise consider your own beginning stage and restrictions when choosing what a decent score implies. You’re contending with yourself most importantly as you make upgrades to your score.Try reading for ten hours and afterward taking a training test.The score that you jump on that test can be a standard for you to expand upon in future investigation sessions.With committed contemplating, you might have the option to improve this score by at least 3 points.Once you take this first practice test, you can detail an examination intend to assist you with arriving at your score improvement objectives. Most understudies hit the constraint of how much time they can place into ACT prep at around 40-80 hours of centered studying.After you have invested this much energy, you should take another training test and see where you stand.If you’ve improved by at least 3 focuses, you’re getting a decent score contrasted with where you were toward the start. On the off chance that you didn’t wind up improving much by any stretch of the imagination, you should reexamine your investigation propensities and ensure you truly comprehend your mistakes.Getting a â€Å"good† score is extremely about amplifying your latent capacity, and you can’t do that if you’re not utilizing the correct examination techniques. On the off chance that you figured out how to improve by 3 from a low score, you ought to see yourself as to have earned a decent score paying little mind to the genuine numbers. Now, you can reconsider your objectives and check whether you may have the option to improve much more! In the event that you find that your contemplating is advancing SLOWLY, you may need to update your strategies. I just truly needed to incorporate this image of a sloth. What's Next? Attempting to improve your score significantly? Discover to what extent you should read for the ACT dependent on your objectives. The ACT gives you four free score reports to send to schools on each test date. Would it be advisable for you to utilize them?And how would you really send your scores to schools? Imagine a scenario where you have a high GPA however didn't excel on the ACT. Peruse our article to figure out how to manage this circumstance. Baffled with your ACT scores? Need to improve your ACT score by 4+ focuses? Download our free manual for the main 5 methodologies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score drastically.

Career Research Project Paper Example

Career Research Project on BMP and JDSU Introduction Finding a company that is most suitable for ones career aspirations plays a significant role in ensuring career success (WetFeet, Incorporated, 2014). In this regard, current report sets the primary objective of identifying an organization that suits my career aspirations in terms of geographical location, organizational culture, compensation packages, size of the organization and development opportunities at the organization. My major is in Accounting; as a result, I have an option of working in an accounting firm or any other organization having an accounting department. In current paper, I compared the suitability of BPM and JDSU with respect to my career aspirations. I used a number of sources to gather information relating to the companies including their websites, business articles, online sources and SJSU electronic database. After the analysis of the companies background, the product and services they offer, their organizational culture and their SWOT analysis, I settled on J DSU as my preferred company to work.

The Importance Of Evil In Truman Capotes In Cold Blood

From bullying to crime to terrorism and more, evil takes on many forms in today’s society. Such evil has many adverse effects, sometimes including the deaths of innocent people. As only harm can come from malevolence, one begins to wonder whether or not such acts are simply a part of human nature. After all, it does not make much moral sense for someone to intentionally stir chaos. However, when exploring where evil truly stems from, one finds that it may be deeply rooted in the environment Truman Capote investigates the true meaning of evil in his account of the murders of the Clutters, a wealthy, innocent family living in desolate Holcomb, Kansas. In his work, In Cold Blood, Capote uses syntax, diction, and selection of details to show†¦show more content†¦After being unable to live with his family any longer, Perry was taken in by nuns. However, he was not treated much better in the nuns’ cottage; he was often viciously beaten due to the result of some unco ntrollable medical conditions (275). The violent reaction of the nuns to something completely out of Perry’s control was incentive for Perry to hate humanity. It was because of the way Perry was treated and his childhood experiences that he inevitably became wicked; he was not born into the world as an evil person. Capote uses syntax to further capitalize on Perry’s dark origins as a source of cruelty. Using brief, but meaningful sentences, Perry is portrayed as a victim of society, repeatedly referring to the people who treated him poorly during his growth. His dark origins capitalized on when he describes his motives for killing the Clutter family: â€Å"‘And it wasn’t because of anything the Clutters did. They never hurt me. Like other people. Like people have all my life. Maybe it’s just that the Clutters were the ones who had to pay for it’† (290). Perry himself is emphasizing how the Clutters are innocent, but, because of the way people treated him his entire life, they unfortunately had to receive the brunt of his pent-up aggression. He repeats the phrase â€Å"like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to once again draw attention to the fact that it was the people in his life that turned him into the criminal he grew to be. Noting how Perry essentially held a grudge against his childhoodShow MoreRelatedTruman Capote and Postmodernism1398 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Truman Capote, as obsessed with fame and fortune as with penning great words, was a writer who became as well-known for his late-night talk show appearances as for his prose† (Patterson 1). Capote was a literary pop star at the height of his fame in 1966, after he had written such classic books as, Other Rooms, Other Voices, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, and In Cold Blood. Postmodernism was a literary period that began after the Second World War and was a rejection of traditional writing techniques. ItRead MoreIn Cold Blood by Trump Capote550 Words   |  2 PagesIn 1966 Truman Capote shocked the world with a novel unlike anything ever seen before. Capote’s novel â€Å"In Cold Blood† not only entranced readers with its often dark and mysterious tone, stunning imagery and controversial elements but introduced its audience to an all new genre, a non-fiction novel . In 2001 Lois T. Stover commented on the complexity and depth found in quality young adult literature, she stated that â€Å"Good young adult literature deals with the themes and issues that mirror the concernsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1464 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Steinbeck subtly foretells Lennie’s future murder of not only the puppy, but also of a young woman in his novella, Of Mice and Men. Much like George and Lennie, the characters Willie-Jay and Perry have a similar relationship in Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood. Willie-Jay, despite his minor role in the story, serves as Perry’s mentor and foreshadows his future violent actions with his insight into Perry’s character, also providing a positive influence to contrast Perry’s partner in crime, Dick

1993 Ap U.S. History Dbq Essay - 775 Words

Despite the common English backgrounds, societies in the New England and Chesapeake regions of Colonial America had split off into two incredibly different cultures: A very religiously focused New England and the more economic-oriented Chesapeake. Because these regions were settled for different purposes, the development of these societies led to the distinctions between them. One of the major causes for emigration from England to North America was religious persecution. Religious tolerance in Britain for other Christian sects besides the Anglican church was virtually nonexistent, resulting in many members of other sects to seek religious haven in the colonies. The vast majority of immigrants coming to New England were followers of†¦show more content†¦Contrary to the pilgrims of New England, those who settled in the Chesapeake area colonized the region for more economic purposes. Many people who settled in the Chesapeake were down-on-their-luck English citizens living in sw amps and slums hoping to stake it out in the New World, because it couldn’t be much worse than the conditions they faced back in England. Most received their tickets to America through indentured servitude, paying for their trip with a few years of free labor for a wealthy master. Document C is a roster of indentured servants bound for Virginia who are all set to work for the same master. Indentured servitude had long lasting effects on the colonies, the most impactful being Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 (Document H). This uprising was caused former indentured servants who had no land or property of their own once their work contracts expired. Because the land westward was populated by Natives and therefore almost impossible to acquire, the dissenters focused against the rich and powerful members of the colonies. The successful uprising led to reforms such as work regulations explained in Document E, as well a shift away from indentured servitude and towards slavery of bla cks. Other settlers besides indentured servants were aspiring traders and gold-hunters mentioned in Document F. While traders had little success early on and treasure hunters definitely didn’t find their fields of

Software-Defined Networking Open Networking Foundation

Question: Describe about the Software-Defined Networking for Open Networking Foundation? Answer: Introduction Software defined networking and network function virtualization are being considered as the next breakthrough tool in the field of the computer networking technology. Through this paper, we aim to provide a detailed discussion of the basic concepts of this much studied technology. Software Defined Networking The Concept Software defined networking or SDN is one such approach to the management of computer networks which would allow the system administrators to manage the services provided by the network by the abstraction of superior level functionalities [9]. The control plane of a data network is used to select the destination whereas the data plane consists of the technologies and methods that are used for the transportation of data packets from the source to the selected destination. The decoupling of these two systems facilitates the abstraction process which is the key concept of the SDN technology. The OpenFlow protocol is considered as the backbone of the SDN architecture: according to this protocol, a SDN essentially has the following characteristics: Directly programmable: The network, being decoupled from the underlying data plane, supports extensive programming [4]. Agile: The traffic flow of the network can be automatically adjusted to meet the dynamic changes in traffic. Centrally managed: Changes applied in the central controller (that are used for the maintenance of the global view of the entire network) is reflected throughout the network [2]. Programmatically configured: Dynamic and automated SDN programs can be used for configuring, managing, optimizing and securing the hardware and software components of the network. Supported by open standards: The SDN architecture is supported by open standards, which eases out the tasks of designing the network and operating it [7]. The figure below provides a graphical representation of the essential components of a Software defined networking or SDN architecture. Figure a: A schematic diagram of software defined networking architecture (Source : [5] ) A detailed description of some of the essential components of a software defined networking architecture has been provided in the following section: Business applications: The tools which are available to the end consumers, like that of the video conferencing tools, the supply chain management applications, the CRM application tools, etc [5]. The networking and security services: The methods and techniques that are used to provide relentless and secured networking services to the consumers. A large number of applications residing in layers 4 to of the OSI model fall under this category: some such examples being security capabilities like firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, WOC s, ADCs, etc [7]. Pure SDN switches: The pure SDN switches allow the central controller to manage all the functionalities of a traditional network switch. Hybrid switches: These switches allow the simultaneous functioning of the SDN switches and the traditional switches associated with a particular network. Hybrid Networks: A network supported by both SDN switches and traditional network switches, is often referred to a hybrid network [4]. North bound API: The application program interfaces that allow transactions between the control layer and the business application layer are considered as the north bound APIs. At present, there exists no standard north bound API [5]. South bound API: The application program interfaces that allow transactions between the control layer and the infrastructure layer are considered as the south bound APIs. Protocols that support such communication processes include the following: Extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP) Network Configuration Protocol [8] iii. OpenFLow Network Function Virtualization The Concept One of the primary reasons behind the growing popularity of Software Defined Networking or the SDN is the fact that this particular architecture provides the facilities of network virtualization: a characteristic which allows the optimization and management of the network resources irrespective of their actual physical location, organization, and specification [1]. The virtualization of data networks is not at all a new concept: virtual LANS or VLANS, virtual private networks or VPNs and virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) are of the instances of network virtualization that have long been practiced by network administrators [12]. However, in the context of software defined networking, network function virtualization refer to the process of defining and designing a network that would be able to provide end to end communications in a manner that the communication process is not affected by the behavior of the underlying physical resources of the network. Figure b: A schematic diagram of Network Function Virtualization (Source : [12] Solution Implementation Deployments In this section of the paper, we provide a detailed description on how network function virtualization is achieved in software defined networks. The methods used for such implementation include the following: Technique 1: The Fabric-based network virtualization One of the most common methods of implementing network virtualization is to run the functionality as an application or tool that would run on the SDN controller [11]. The said application would leverage the OpenFlow protocol, besides defining the virtual network. The virtual network is defined by the policies that are used for mapping the flow of the data by the utilization of the headers of layer 4 to 7. Technique 2: The Overlay-based network virtualization Network virtualization can also be achieved by the utilization of encapsulation and tunneling procedures that would ultimately lead to the formation of several network structures relying on a common network of physical resources. The resulting network architecture is often referred to as the overlay-based network virtualization [3]. Advantages The advantages of utilizing the software defined networking or SDN architecture, along with network function virtualization, are: i. Provision of a centralized network: All software defined networking or SDN structures can be operated centrally, thus facilitating the optimized management of the network resources [3]. Enterprise management: A software defined network provides the network administrators to conduct experiments with the virtual networks without affecting the underlying network of physical resources. iii. Granular security: One of the primary advantages of using software defined data networks is that such networks provide the mechanism for maintaining the security of the entire network and the devices connected to it in a centralized way [12]. Low operational costs: It has already been mentioned in section 2 of this paper that software defined networking or SDN architectures are supported by open standards: thus the cost of maintaining and operating such network architectures is much lower as compared to other network architectures. Reduced capital investments: As software defined networking or SDN architectures facilitate the formation of virtual networks without making any changes to the underlying network of physical resources. Challenges The following factors pose serious challenges when it comes to the implementation of software defined networking or SDN architectures in an organization: Addressing the dynamic real-time changes: Although software defined networking or SDN architectures facilitate making dynamic and real time changes in the structure of the virtual networks, yet the unavailability of standardized protocols and methods for doing the same limits the utilization of the aid application [10]. Accommodating the on-demand changes of the network: The SDN architecture allows the network administrators to devise new networks dynamically. However, the platforms that are designed for the maintenance of the networks are not adequate for handling dynamic on-demand changes [6]. Applications And Future Scope The discussion made in the sections above clearly indicate that in spite of the fact that the software defined networking or SDN architectures provide a wide range of facilities over the traditional data networks, yet the successful implementation and management of such networks have yet not been reported by many [6]. Extensive research is being carried out in this particular domain of computer science and technology and organizations like Ericson have reported that initial prototype models would soon be available. However, it has to be kept in mind that SDN is essentially an architecture and not a technology by itself: and the development of technological application that would be supported by the SDN architecture are also being researched on. Thus, it can be safely said the practical implementation of SDN architecture would be possible shortly [8] Conclusion The primary concepts of software defined networking and network virtualization have been discussed in this paper. The paper is based on information collected through secondary research works, which indicate that software defined networking architectures, in spite of existing in research levels, have the potential to drastically change the way in which network administrators take control of data networks. It is expected that the practical implementation of the said architecture would be able to provide the much needed agile and dynamic characteristics to the process of development of virtual data networks. 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